iindaba

Ifayibha yekhabhoniifumene udumo lwayo ngokunyaniseka. I-Boeing 787 iphantse ibe yi-50% yobunzima obudibeneyo. Ii-monocoque zeFormula 1 zakhiwe ngayo ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980. Amalungu e-prosthetic, izakhiwo zesathelayithi, ii-wind turbine blades, iifreyimu zebhayisekile eziphezulu - ezi zinto zibonakala naphi na apho iinjineli kufuneka zithwale umthwalo ngaphandle kokuthwala ubunzima.

Ngaxa lithile, loo ngxelo yaba yinto ecingelwayo: ukubaifayibha yekhabhonisesona sixhobo sokwakha sibalaseleyo esifumanekayo, asiyiyo yonke into. Asiyiyo. Izinto ezininzi zidlula ukusebenza kwazo ngeendlela ezithile nezilinganisekayo - kwaye ukwazi ukuba zeziphi, kwaye kutheni, kuluncedo ngakumbi kunokuphatha i-carbon fiber njengophahla.

Nanku apho idlalwa khona, kwaye oko kuthetha ukuthini xa usenza.

Oko Kuthethwa "Ngokuqinileyo" - kwaye Kutheni Kutshintsha Yonke Into

Eli gama lenza umsebenzi omninzi kubunjineli bezinto, kwayeiifayibha zekhabhoniUlawulo luxhomekeke kakhulu kwingcaciso oyisebenzisayo.

Inzuzo yokwenene ye-carbon fiber kukubaamandla athile kunye nokuqina okuthile — umlinganiselo wokusebenza koomatshini nobunzima. Xa kuthelekiswa neentsimbi ezininzi zokwakha, iyaphumelela kuloo mncintiswano ngokungqongqo, yiyo loo nto i-aerospace kunye nemidlalo yeemoto zayamkela ngamandla njengoko zenze. Intsimbi inamandla ngokupheleleyo. I-carbon fiber inamandla ngekhilogram nganye, eli linani elibalulekileyo xa igram nganye ibiza ipetroli okanye ixesha lokujikeleza.

Kodwa ukusebenza kolwakhiwo akulona inani elinye. Ubuncinane zintlanu:

● Amandla okuxinana — ukumelana nokutsalwa

● Amandla oxinzelelo — ukumelana nokutyumza (ubuthathaka obuthelekisekayo be-carbon fiber)

● Ukuqina / i-modulus ethambileyo — ukumelana nokuguqulwa kwe-elastic phantsi komthwalo

● Ukuqina — amandla afunxwa ngaphambi kokuba aqhekeke, akufuneki abhidaniswe namandla

● Uzinzo lobushushu — ingaba ezo mpawu zihlala kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu

Ifayibha yekhabhoniIbalasele kakhulu kwisithathu sokuqala ngokwesisindo ngasinye. Ayinamandla kangako ekuqineni kwayo — iyaqhekeka ngaphandle kwesilumkiso endaweni yokuyitshintsha — kwaye iqala ukonakala ngaphezu kwama-400°C emoyeni kuxhomekeke kwi-matrix. Ezo zikhewu zimbini kulapho yonke into ekule luhlu ifumana khona ithuba layo.

1. I-Graphene — Inamandla ngakumbi ephepheni, Inzima ekusebenzeni

I-Graphene ifumana ukucinezelwa okukhulu, kwaye amanani afanelekela ingqalelo. Iphepha lekhabhoni elinobukhulu obufana neathomu enye kwi-lattice ene-hexagonal, amandla ayo okutsalwa asebenza ngokuphindwe kayi-200 kunentsimbi yokwakha ngobunzima. I-modulus yayo ethambileyo idlula i-carbon fiber. Kwezo metric zimbini, akukho nto ikhoyo isondelayo.

Kutheni ke ngoko iinqwelo-moya zingakhiwanga ngayo?

Ingxaki kukuvelisa ngokupheleleyo. Iimpawu zeGraphene zikhona kwinqanaba leemolekyuli, kwaye zixhomekeke ekugqibeleleni kwesakhiwo. Ngalo mzuzu uzama ukwakha into ngokwesikali somntu - nantoni na onokuyibamba ngokwenene - uzisa imida yeenkozo, iziphene, kunye nokungangqinelani okuwaphula loo manani eethiyori ngokukhawuleza. Iphepha legraphene elingenaziphene elikhulu kuneesentimitha ezimbalwa lihlala liyingxaki yobunjineli engasombululwanga kwinqanaba lezorhwebo ngo-2025, ingasathethwa ke ngephaneli yesakhiwo.

Apho i-graphene ifumana ukutsalwa kokwenyani kufana nesongezelelo. Ukufaka ii-graphene flakes okanye i-graphene oxide kwiinkqubo ze-carbon fiber resin kuphucula amandla okucheba phakathi kwe-laminar, ukuqhuba kobushushu, kwaye kwezinye iindlela, ukusebenza kombane.ii-composites ze-carbon fiber ngcono ngokulinganisela. Ayizithathi indawo.

Isigqibo:I-Graphene inamandla kakhulu kune-carbon fiber kwi-nanoscale. Kwi-engineering scale, iyinto ephuculayo — ebalulekileyo, kodwa ayithathi indawo ye-structural fiber ngokwayo. Sekunjalo.

2. Iityhubhu zeCarbon Nanotubes — Eyona mpikiswano isondeleyo yethiyori

Amanani asephepheni kunzima ukuwaphikisa. Ii-carbon nanotubes zinamandla okutsalwa kunye nokuqina okugqitha i-high-modulus carbon fiber engcono kakhulu ngamacala amakhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba, ukuba ungakha izinto zokwakha kuzo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, amashishini eenqwelo moya kunye neemoto angabonakala ahlukile.

Loo “ukuba” ibihleli apho kangangeminyaka engamashumi amathathu.

Ingxaki ephambili kukungaqondi izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo — abaphandi bayazi kakuhle ukuba kutheni ii-CNT zisebenza ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo, kwaye ifiziksi iqinile. Ingxaki kukuba i-carbon nanotube, ngokwenkcazo, yinto ekwi-nanometer-scale. Ukufumana iibhiliyoni zazo ukuba zilungelelane kwicala elinye, zihlangane kakuhle, kwaye zenze i-fiber eqhubekayo ngaphandle kweziphene ezidiliza ezo mpawu zethiyori ngumceli mngeni wokuvelisa oye wamelana nayo yonke imizamo enzima yesisombululo se-industrial-scale. Ii-CNT fibers zikhona kwiindawo zelebhu. Abanye babhale amanani amangalisayo kuvavanyo olulawulwayo. Akukho namnye oye waphumelela rhoqo kwi-high-modulus carbon fiber kuyo yonke i-suite yepropathi epheleleyo phantsi kweemeko ezibonisa usetyenziso lokwenyani lwesakhiwo.

Oko ii-CNT zikwenzayo kakuhle ngoku kukusebenza njengesongezelelo — ukuzisasaza nge-carbon fiber prepreg's resin matrix kuphucula amandla okucheba phakathi kwe-laminar, kujongana nenye yeendlela zokusilela eziqhubekayo kwii-carbon fiber composites. Elo ligalelo lokwenyani, eliluncedo kwezorhwebo. Akuyonto umntu wayeyicinga xa uphando lwe-CNT lwaqala ukuvelisa iindaba ngeminyaka yoo-1990.

I-engile yokuqhuba umbane yenye indlela esetyenziswayo: ii-CNT zinokwenza izakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo ziqhube ngaphandle kwesohlwayo sobunzima bee-meshes zesinyithi ezifakwe ngaphakathi, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni umbane kwiinqwelo-moya kunye nokukhusela i-electromagnetic kwiindawo zokuvala ze-elektroniki.

Isigqibo:Ii-CNT aziyonto inamandla kune-carbon-fiber onokuyichaza namhlanje. Ziyi-carbon fiber composite enhancer eneempawu ezingaqhelekanga ezizimeleyo, ayikafumani ndlela yokuziveza kwinqanaba lobunjineli. Nokuba olo tshintsho kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo aluxhomekekanga kakhulu kwisayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo kunophuhliso lwenkqubo yokuvelisa.

3. IiNanotubes zeBoron Nitride — Apho Ubushushu Butshaba khona

Ukuba i-graphene kunye ne-CNTs ziintshatsheli zesakhiwo se-carbon fiber ephepheni, ii-nanotubes ze-boron nitride zijongana nobuthathaka obahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo: kwenzeka ntoni xa umthwalo ufika nobushushu obuqhotyoshelweyo.

Ii-BNNTs ziyafana ngokwesakhiwo nee-CNTs — ityhubhu, i-nanoscale — kodwa zakhiwe ngee-athomu ze-boron kunye ne-nitrogen ezitshintshanayo endaweni yekhabhoni. Amandla azo okuxinana kunye nokuqina kwazo kuyalingana. Umahluko obalulekileyo kukuzinza kobushushu: Ii-BNNTs zihlala zingashukumi ngokwesakhiwo emoyeni ukuya kuthi ga kwi-900°C. Ii-carbon nanotubes ziyanyibilika kwaye ziqale ukonakala malunga ne-400°C. Ii-composites ze-carbon fiber eziqhelekileyo, ngokuxhomekeke kwi-resin matrix, ziqala ukulahlekelwa bubume besakhiwo kwindawo ethile phakathi kwe-120°C kunye ne-250°C phantsi komthwalo oqhubekayo.

Kwizithuthi ezisebenzisa i-hypersonic, izikhuselo zobushushu eziphinda zingene, kunye nezixhobo zeenjini zejethi zesizukulwana esilandelayo, loo msantsa wobushushu awungombhalo osezantsi — yingxaki yoyilo lonke. Izinto ezilahlekelwa ngamandla azo kwi-200°C azifanelekanga kwinxalenye efikelela kwi-800°C, nokuba amanani ayo obushushu begumbi alungile kangakanani na. Ii-BNNTs ziyaphuhliswa ngokukhutheleyo ukuze zisetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo kwezi zicelo, nangona zihlala zisenziwa ngaphambi kokuveliswa.

Isigqibo:Kuyo nayiphi na indlela apho umthwalo wesakhiwo kunye nobushushu obukhulu kudibana, ii-BNNT zibonelela ngamandla angenakukwazi ukufana ne-carbon fiber - kunye nezinye izinto ezidityanisiweyo eziphambili -. Umda kukufumaneka, hayi ukusebenza.

4. Iifayibha zeSilicon Carbide — Isisombululo sobushushu obuphezulu esele sibhabha

Nangona ii-BNNT zisakhula kakhulu, ii-silicon carbide fibers eziqhubekayo sele zisebenza kwiindawo apho i-carbon fiber ingaphumeleli khona ngokupheleleyo.

Iifayibha zeSiC zigcina iipropati zesakhiwo kumaqondo obushushu angaphezulu kwe-1,000°C, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zikwazi ukusebenza kwiindawo ezishushu ze-jet engine, izinto ze-turbine, kunye nee-aerospace heat exchangers — izicelo apho i-carbon fiber ingekho nakwingxoxo. Zikwajongana nengxaki yamandla okuxinwa kwe-carbon fiber: enye yemida ye-carbon fiber engaxoxwanga kangako kukuba amandla ayo okuxinwa angaphantsi kakhulu kwamandla ayo okuxinwa, umphumo wendlela iifayibha nganye ezisabela ngayo kwi-microbuckling phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-axial. Iifayibha zeSiC azinalo olo hlobo lokungalingani kwinqanaba elifanayo.

Imida esebenzayo yindleko kunye nokuqhubekeka kokusebenza. Ii-SiC fiber composites zifuna iinkqubo ze-ceramic matrix endaweni yee-polymer matrices ezisetyenziswa kwi-carbon fiber, nto leyo ethetha ukuba izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, amaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo okucubungula, kunye neendleko eziphezulu ngenxalenye nganye. Zithatha indawo encinci yokufaka isicelo ngenxa yezo zizathu.

Isigqibo:Ukuze kubekho ulungelelwano lolwakhiwo phantsi kweemeko ezishushu kakhulu nezirhabaxa, iifayibha zeSiC zidlula ifayibha yekhabhoni ngeendlela ezingasondelanga. Apho i-envelope yobushushu ilawula ukuphuma kwefayibha yekhabhoni, ifayibha yeSiC idla ngokuba yimpendulo yobunjineli - kwaye ngokungafaniyo nezinye izinto ezininzi kolu luhlu, yimpendulo esele ikhona kwizixhobo zemveliso.

5. Iifayibha ze-UHMWPE (iDyneema, iSpectra) — Xa Ukuqina Kuyoyisa Ukuqina

Ifayibha yekhabhoni ayiphumeleli kakuhle. Xa ihamba, ihamba yonke ngaxeshanye — ukwaphuka ngequbuliso, akukho silumkiso, akukho kuguquka okuza kukubangela ukuba uphelelwe ngamandla. Loo buthathaka buyinto obuyamkelayo ngenxa yokuqina kwayo okungaqhelekanga kunye namandla athile, kwaye kwizakhiwo zeenqwelo-moya okanye kwiinqwelo-moya ezibalekayo, yinto ehambelanayo neyobunjineli.

I-Dyneema kunye ne-Spectra zisebenza kwi-physics eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Zombini zii-fiber ze-UHMWPE — i-Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene — kwaye into ezibalaseleyo kuyo kukufunxa amandla endaweni yokumelana nokuguquguquka. Ukufunxa amandla athile ngeyunithi nganye kuphakathi kwezona fiber ziphezulu kuyo nayiphi na isakhiwo. Iphaneli eyakhiwe yiDyneema ayiqhekeki xa into iyibetha ngamandla; iyolula, isasaze umthwalo, kwaye isasaze impembelelo kuyo yonke into. Loo ndlela yokuziphatha yile nto kanye oyifunayo xa ingxaki yoyilo kukuvimba ibhulethi okanye iblade endaweni yokubamba iphiko ngendlela.

Kukho nezinye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe: Iifayibha ze-UHMWPE zintanta emanzini, nto leyo ebalulekileyo kwiintambo zaselwandle kunye neentambo zokubopha ezikude nolwandle apho ubunzima buhlangana khona kwiikhilomitha zekhebula. Zimela kakuhle ekungcoleni nasekuchaphazelekeni kakhulu ngamakhemikhali. Ngokungafaniyo noko, azikwazi ukumelana nokukrala.ii-composites ze-carbon fiber, ziguquguquka ngokwaneleyo ukuba zilukwe ngqo kwiiglavu ezinqandekileyo, izixhobo zomzimba, kunye neempahla zokukhusela — akukho zibumba, akukho autoclave, akukho resin.

Umsantsa wokuqina uyinyani. I-modulus ye-elastic ye-UHMWPE iphantsi kakhulu kune-carbon fiber, nto leyo engayisebenzisiyo xa kusenziwa ulwakhiwo apho ukuphambuka phantsi komthwalo kuyimqobo elawulayo. Akukho mntu wakha ii-spars zeenqwelo-moya ezivela kwiDyneema.

Kodwa buza umbuzo ngendlela eyahlukileyo — yintoni enamandla kune-carbon fiber xa umthwalo uhambelana ne-kinetic, kungekhona i-static? — kwaye i-UHMWPE iyaphumelela kwi-metric elawula uyilo. Yindawo yokusebenza eyahlukileyo, hayi encinci.

Isigqibo:Ngenxa yokumelana nokuqina kwempembelelo, ifayibha ye-UHMWPE idlula ii-carbon fiber composites ngeendlela ezilinganisekayo nezichaza ukusetyenziswa. Eyona nto ilula kakhulu yokukhusela i-ballistic ayisiyonto iqinileyo — yile ifunxa amandla amaninzi ngaphambi kokuba ingasebenzi.

6. IiMetal Matrix Composites — Iipropati zeBridgeing Metallic kunye neComposite

Kukho uhlobo lwengxaki yobunjineliii-composites ze-carbon fiberukuphatha kakubi kwaye iintsimbi ezicocekileyo ziphathwa ngexabiso eliphantsi, kwaye ii-MMC zikhona ngenxa yoko.

Thabatha ibracket yesathelayithi ekufuneka ilula, izinzile ngokwemilinganiselo kwi-300°C thermal swing kwi-orbit, ikwazi ukuqhuba umbane ukuze ihlale phantsi, kwaye iqine ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingaguquguquki phantsi kwemithwalo yokungcangcazela. Inxalenye ye-polymer-matrix carbon fiber igubungela mhlawumbi ezimbini kwezo mfuno. I-aluminium MMC - isinyithi esomelezwe ngamasuntswana e-silicon carbide - inokugubungela zonke ezine. Ayizukuphumelela kukhuphiswano lobunzima nxamnye nayo.I-CFRPUkuqina okucacileyo, kodwa okuthe ngqo kuyaphucuka ngakumbi kune-aluminium engaqiniswanga, kwaye ayifuni zisombululo kwimikhwa yobushushu kunye nombane ekunzima kuyo ii-polymer composites.

Iirotha zeebhuleki zeemoto zingumzekelo ococekileyo. Umsebenzi kukufunxa nokukhupha ubushushu obuninzi phantsi kokubhuleka okunzima okuphindaphindiweyo ngelixa umelana nokuguguleka nokugcina ukuthembeka kobukhulu. Ii-composites ze-carbon fiber zisetyenziswa kwesi sicelo kwisiphelo esiphezulu semidlalo yeemoto, kodwa zifuna amaqondo obushushu okusebenza ukuze zihlale ngaphakathi kwebhendi emxinwa kwaye zibiza kakhulu ukuzitshintsha. Ii-MMC ze-aluminium eziqinisiweyo ze-silicon carbide zisingatha uluhlu olubanzi lobushushu, zinyamezela ukusetyenziswa gwenxa ngakumbi, kwaye zibiza kancinci ngomjikelo wenkonzo nganye kwiindlela apho kufuneka kubekho ixesha lokutshintsha.

Ingongoma yamandla okuxinwa ifanelekile ukucaciswa ngokucacileyo: amandla okuxinwa kwe-carbon fiber aphantsi kakhulu kunamandla ayo okuxinwa — oku kubangelwa yindlela ii-fibers ezisabela ngayo kwi-microbuckling. Ii-MMC azinalo olo hlobo lokungalingani. Kwizinto ezilayishwe ikakhulu kwiindawo zokuxinwa — iindawo zokubeka, ii-nodes zesakhiwo phantsi komthwalo we-axial, izixhobo zokufaka — oko kubaluleke ngaphezu kwamanani entloko yokuxinwa.

Isigqibo:Ii-MMC azidluli kwi-carbon fiber kumandla athile okutsalwa. Zidlula kwi-indibaniselwano yobushushu, amandla oxinzelelo, indlela esebenza ngayo umbane, kunye nokuqina kwempembelelo okufuneka ngaxeshanye kwezinye izicelo. Xa uyilo lufuna izinto ezisebenza njengesinyithi kodwa zisebenze kufutshane ne-composite ephucukileyo, ii-MMC zizalisa isithuba i-carbon fiber engazange yenzelwe sona.

Kutheni iCarbon Fiber isaphumelela kakhulu kwixesha

Akukho nanye kwezi zingentla eyingxoxo yokubaifayibha yekhabhoniayisebenzi. Ukuqhubeka kwayo nokubalasela kwizicelo zesakhiwo ezisebenza kakuhle kubonisa iingenelo zokwenyani ezingakhange zivaliwe ngomnye umncintisani.

Inkqubo yokuvelisa yeyona nto ingakhankanywa rhoqo. Ii-carbon fiber composites zixhamla kwiminyaka emininzi yokulungiswa kwenkqubo - iindlela zokubeka izinto, imijikelo ye-autoclave, iindlela zokuhlola ezingonakalisiyo, iiprotokholi zokulungisa, iidathabheyisi ezivumelekileyo zoyilo, iikhonkco zokubonelela eziqinisekisiweyo. Injineli echaza inxalenye ye-carbon fiber composite ngo-2025 inokufikelela kwizixhobo zokulinganisa, iilayibrari zendlela yokusilela, kunye neenkqubo zokufaneleka zababoneleli ezingekabikho okwangoku kwizixhobo ezininzi kolu luhlu. Olo lwazi lweziko lunexabiso lokwenyani lobunjineli, kwaye aludluliseli ngokuzenzekelayo kwizixhobo ezintsha nokuba zibukeka zintle kangakanani na iikhuphoni zovavanyo zezixhobo.

I-Graphene kunye ne-CNTs ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kuphucukaii-composites ze-carbon fiberngaphambi kokuba zithathe indawo yazo. Iifayibha zeSiC kunye neeBNNT zijongana neengxaki zobushushu, ifayibha yekhabhoni ayizange yenzelwe ukusombulula. I-UHMWPE ijongana nengxaki yokuqina kwizicelo ezineemeko zomthwalo owahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ipateni iyahambelana: akukho nanye kwezi zinto eyoyisa ifayibha yekhabhoni kuyo yonke ibhodi. Ngayinye iyibetha kwi-axis ethile apho uyilo lwefayibha yekhabhoni lubaluleke kakhulu.

Apho intsimi iya khona ngokwenene

Umbuzo oluncedo ngakumbi asikokuba zeziphi izinto ezithatha indawo yazoifayibha yekhabhoni — yindlela ezi zinto ezisetyenziswa ngayo kunye.

Iiphaneli zesakhiwo ezine-laminate ye-carbon fiber primary, i-resin ephuculweyo ye-graphene yokuqina kwe-interlaminar, kunye nokuqiniswa kwe-SiC fiber kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu azinaqikelelo. Zisaphuhliswa ngokusebenzayo kwiinkqubo eziphambili zeenqwelo-moya. Ingcamango - ii-composites ze-hierarchical, okanye iinkqubo zezinto ezenziwe ngezikali ezininzi ngaxeshanye - imele utshintsho lokwenyani kwindlela izinto zesakhiwo ezichazwa ngayo. Endaweni yokukhetha izinto ezilungileyo zenxalenye, iinjineli ziqala ukwakha udibaniso lwezinto ezilungiselelwe iimeko ezithile zomthwalo, ii-gradients zobushushu, kunye neendlela zokusilela eziza kubonwa yinxalenye xa isebenza.

Uyilo olukhuphisanayo — i-graphene vs. i-carbon fiber, i-CNT vs. i-carbon fiber — aluyiqondi indlela oluhamba ngayo ubuchwephesha. Impendulo "kwinto enamandla kune-carbon fiber" iya isanda: i-composite equlethe i-carbon fiber njengenye yezigaba ezininzi zokuqinisa, nganye inegalelo apho isebenza kakuhle khona.

Isishwankathelo

Ifayibha yekhabhoni ayisiyonto inamandla kakhulu. Yeyona nto inamandla kakhulu esetyenziswayo kuzo zonke iintlobo zezicelo zesakhiwo — kwaye eso sisihloko esinzima ukusithatha kunayo nayiphi na indlela yokusebenza.