Iindaba

Uphuhliso lwei-polyester resin engasetyenziswangaiimveliso zinembali engaphezulu kweminyaka engama-70.Ngexesha elifutshane kangaka, iimveliso ze-polyester resin ezingaxutywanga ziphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza ngokwemveliso kunye nenqanaba lobugcisa.Ukusukela ukuba iimveliso zentlaka yepolyester zangaphambili ziye zaphuhla zaba zezona ntlobo zinkulu kwishishini le-thermosetting resin.Ngethuba lokuphuhliswa kwee-resin ze-polyester ezingaxutywanga, ulwazi lobugcisa kwiimveliso zemveliso, iimagazini zoshishino, iincwadi zobugcisa, njl njl zivela emva komnye.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho amakhulukhulu epatents zokwenziwa minyaka le, ezinxulumene neresin yepolyester engaxutywanga.Ingabonwa ukuba iteknoloji yokuvelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-polyester resin engaxutywanga iye yakhula ngakumbi kunye nophuhliso lwemveliso, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe yenze inkqubo yayo yobugcisa ekhethekileyo kunye nepheleleyo yokuvelisa kunye nethiyori yesicelo.Kwinkqubo yophuhliso edlulileyo, i-polyester resins engaxutywanga yenze igalelo elikhethekileyo ekusebenziseni ngokubanzi.Kwixesha elizayo, kuya kuphuhlisa kwiinkalo ezithile ezikhethekileyo, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo, iindleko zee-resin zenjongo jikelele ziya kuncitshiswa.Oku kulandelayo zezinye iintlobo zentlaka zepolyester ezingaxutywanga ezinomdla nezithembisayo, eziquka: intlaka eshwabeneyo ephantsi, intlaka ebuyisela idangatye, intlaka eqinileyo, intlaka ethambileyo ye-styrene ephantsi, intlaka ekwaziyo ukubola, intlaka yejeli yedyasi, intlaka yokuphilisa ukukhanya ezineempawu ezikhethekileyo, kunye neminwe yomthi esebenza kakhulu eyenziwe ngezinto ezintsha kunye neenkqubo.

1.I-resin ephantsi yokuncipha

Olu hlobo lwe-resin lunokuba sisihloko esidala.I-resin ye-polyester ye-unsaturated ihamba kunye nokunciphisa okukhulu ngexesha lokunyanga, kunye nesantya sokunciphisa umthamo jikelele ngu-6-10%.Oku kucutheka kunokonakala kakhulu okanye kude kuqhekeze izinto, hayi kwinkqubo yokubumba i-compression (SMC, BMC).Ukoyisa le ntsilelo, iireyini ze-thermoplastic zihlala zisetyenziswa njengezongezo ezisezantsi zokushwabana.Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kule ndawo lakhutshwa eDuPont ngo-1934, inombolo yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza US 1.945,307.I-patent ichaza i-copolymerization ye-dibasic antelopelic acids kunye ne-vinyl compounds.Ngokucacileyo, ngelo xesha, le patent yaba nguvulindlela ophantsi wetekhnoloji yokushwabana kweereyini zepolyester.Ukususela ngoko, abantu abaninzi baye bazinikela ekufundeni iinkqubo ze-copolymer, eziye zathathwa njengezinto zeplastiki.Ngomnyaka we-1966 iireyini ezisezantsi zikaMarco zaqala ukusetyenziswa ekubumbeni nasekuveliseni imveliso.

Umbutho woShishino lwePlastiki kamva wabiza le mveliso ngokuthi "i-SMC", oku kuthetha ukuba ikhompawundi yokubumba i-sheet, kunye ne-low-shrinkage premix compound "BMC" ithetha i-compound yokubumba isambuku.Kumaphepha e-SMC, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka ukuba iindawo ezibunjiweyo ze-resin zikwazi ukunyamezela okulungileyo, ukuguquguquka kunye neglosi ye-A-grade, kunye ne-micro-cracks kumphezulu kufuneka kuphetshwe, nto leyo efuna i-resin ehambelanayo ibe nesantya esisezantsi sokushwabana.Kakade ke, amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza ukususela ngoko aphuculwe kwaye aphucula le teknoloji, kwaye ukuqonda kwendlela yokunciphisa i-low-shrinkage effect iye yakhula ngokuthe ngcembe, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-low-shrinkage agents okanye i-low-profile additives ziye zavela njengoko amaxesha afuna.Izongezo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ezisezantsi zokushwabana ziyi-polystyrene, i-polymethyl methacrylate kunye nezinye.

drtgf (1) 2.Intlaka ebuyisela amadangatya

Ngamanye amaxesha izinto ezinqanda amadangatye zibaluleke kakhulu njengokuhlangula iziyobisi, kunye nezixhobo ezinqanda ilangatye zinokuphepha okanye zinciphise ukuvela kweentlekele.EYurophu, inani lokufa komlilo liye lancipha malunga ne-20% kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwe-flame retardants.Ukukhuseleka kwezixhobo zokunqanda ilangatye ngokwalo kubaluleke kakhulu.Yinkqubo ecothayo nenzima ukulinganisa uhlobo lwemathiriyeli esetyenziswa kushishino.Okwangoku, uLuntu lwaseYurophu luqhuba kwaye luqhuba uvavanyo lweengozi kwizinto ezininzi ezisekelwe kwi-halogen kunye ne-halogen-phosphorus flame retardants., uninzi lwazo luya kugqitywa phakathi kuka-2004 no-2006. Okwangoku, ilizwe lethu ngokubanzi lisebenzisa i-chlorine-equlethe okanye i-bromine-equlethe i-diols okanye i-dibasic acid halogen substitutes njengezinto eziluhlaza ukulungiselela i-resins evuthayo evuthayo.I-Halogen flame retardants iya kuvelisa umsi omningi xa utshisa, kwaye ihamba kunye nesizukulwana se-hydrogen halide ecasula kakhulu.Umsi oshinyeneyo kunye nomsi onetyhefu oveliswa ngexesha lenkqubo yokutsha kubangela umonakalo omkhulu ebantwini.

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Ngaphezu kwe 80% yeengozi zomlilo ezibangelwa koku.Enye into engalunganga yokusebenzisa i-bromine okanye i-hydrogen-based retardants ye-flame retardants kukuba i-corrosive and environment-pollung-pollung gases ziya kuveliswa xa zitshiswa, eziya kubangela umonakalo kwizinto zombane.Ukusetyenziswa kwe-inorganic flame retardants njenge-hydrated alumina, i-magnesium, i-canopy, iikhompawundi ze-molybdenum kunye nezinye izongezo ze-flame retardant zinokuvelisa umsi ophantsi kunye ne-toxicity ephantsi ye-retardant retardant resins, nangona zineziphumo ezicacileyo zokunciphisa umsi.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba inani le-inorganic flame retardant filler likhulu kakhulu, kungekhona nje kuphela ukuba i-viscosity ye-resin iya kwanda, engabandakanyi ukwakhiwa, kodwa naxa isixa esikhulu se-additive flame retardant sifakwe kwi-resin, siya kuchaphazela. amandla omatshini kunye neempawu zombane ze-resin emva kokunyanga.

Okwangoku, iipatent ezininzi zangaphandle ziye zabika iteknoloji yokusebenzisa i-phosphorus-based retardants ye-flame retardants ukuvelisa i-low-toxicity kunye ne-low-smoke flame retardant resins.I-Phosphorus-based retardants ye-flame retardants inefuthe elikhulu lokubuyiswa komlilo.I-asidi ye-metaphosphoric eyenziwa ngexesha lokutsha inokuthi ifakwe i-polymerized ibe yi-polymer state ezinzileyo, yenza uluhlu olukhuselayo, olugubungela umphezulu wento evuthayo, i-oksijini yodwa, ikhuthaze ukuchithwa kwamanzi kunye ne-carbonization ye-resin surface, kunye nokwenza ifilimu ekhuselayo ye-carbonized.Ngaloo ndlela ukuthintela ukutsha kunye nexesha elifanayo i-phosphorus-based retardants ye-flame retardants nayo ingasetyenziswa ngokubambisana ne-halogen flame retardants, enefuthe elicacileyo kakhulu le-synergistic.Ngokuqinisekileyo, isalathiso sophando lwexesha elizayo leresin ebuyisela idangatye ngumsi ophantsi, ubutyhefu obuphantsi kunye nexabiso eliphantsi.I-resin efanelekileyo ayinamsi, inetyhefu ephantsi, inexabiso eliphantsi, ayichaphazeli i-resin, inezinto ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo, ayifuni ukongeza izinto ezongezelelweyo, kwaye inokuveliswa ngokuthe ngqo kwisityalo sokuvelisa i-resin.

3.Toughening intlaka

Xa kuthelekiswa neentlobo zokuqala ze-polyester resin, ukuqina kwe-resin yangoku kuphuculwe kakhulu.Nangona kunjalo, ngophuhliso loshishino olusezantsi lwe-polyester resin engaxutywanga, iimfuno ezingakumbi ezintsha zibekwe phambili ekusebenzeni kwe-resin engaxutywanga, ngakumbi malunga nokuqina.Ukunyangwa kwee-resin ezingafakwanga emva kokunyanga kuphantse kwaba yingxaki ebalulekileyo ethintela uphuhliso lweeresina ezingafakwanga.Ingaba imveliso yezandla ezibunjiweyo ezibunjiweyo okanye imveliso etyhidiweyo okanye inxeba, ukunyuswa kwekhefu kuba sisalathisi esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya umgangatho weemveliso ze-resin.

Okwangoku, abanye abavelisi bangaphandle basebenzisa indlela yokongeza i-resin egcweleyo ukuphucula ukuqina.Njengokongeza i-polyester egcweleyo, irabha ye-styrene-butadiene kunye ne-carboxy-terinated (suo-) irabha ye-styrene-butadiene, njl., le ndlela yeyendlela yokuqina komzimba.Ingasetyenziselwa ukwazisa iipolymers zebhloko kwikhonkco eliphambili le-polyester engaxutywanga, njengesakhiwo sothungelwano esingena ngaphakathi esakhiwe yi-resin ye-polyester engaxutywanga kunye ne-epoxy resin kunye ne-polyurethane resin, ephucula kakhulu amandla okuqina kunye namandla empembelelo ye-resin., le ndlela yokuqina yeyendlela yekhemikhali yokuqina.Ukudityaniswa kokuqina komzimba kunye nokuqina kweekhemikhali kunokusetyenziswa kwakhona, njengokuxuba ipolyester engasebenziyo kunye nesixhobo esincinci sokusebenza ukufezekisa ukuguquguquka okufunekayo.

Okwangoku, amaxwebhu e-SMC asetyenziswa kakhulu kumzi mveliso weemoto ngenxa yobunzima bokukhanya, amandla aphezulu, ukuxhathisa ukubola, kunye nokuguquguquka koyilo.Kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ezifana neepaneli zeemoto, iingcango zangasemva, kunye neepaneli zangaphandle, ukuqina okuhle kuyafuneka, njengeepaneli zemoto zangaphandle.Abalindi banokugoba umva ukuya kwinqanaba elilinganiselweyo kwaye babuyele kwisimo sabo sokuqala emva kwempembelelo encinci.Ukonyusa ukuqina kwe-resin kudla ngokuphulukana nezinye iipropathi ze-resin, ezinjengokuqina, amandla athambileyo, ukumelana nobushushu, kunye nesantya sokunyanga ngexesha lokwakha.Ukuphucula ukuqina kwe-resin ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ezinye iipropati zendalo ze-resin kuye kwaba sisihloko esibalulekileyo kuphando kunye nophuhliso lwee-polyester ezingasebenziyo.

4.I-resin ephantsi ye-styrene eguqukayo

Kwinkqubo yokucubungula i-polyester resin engaxutywanga, i-styrene enetyhefu eguqukayo iya kubangela ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabasebenzi bokwakha.Ngelo xesha, i-styrene ikhutshwa emoyeni, eya kubangela ukungcoliseka okukhulu komoya.Ngoko ke, amagunya amaninzi anciphisa ukuxinwa okuvumelekileyo kwe-styrene emoyeni weworkshop yemveliso.Ngokomzekelo, e-United States, inqanaba layo lokuvezwa elivumelekileyo (inqanaba lokuvezwa elivumelekileyo) li-50ppm, ngelixa eSwitzerland ixabiso layo le-PEL liyi-25ppm, umxholo onjalo ophantsi akulula ukuwufeza.Ukuxhomekeka ekungeneni komoya okuqinileyo nako kulinganiselwe.Ngexesha elifanayo, umoya oqinileyo uya kukhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwe-styrene ukusuka kumphezulu wemveliso kunye nokunyuka kwexabiso elikhulu le-styrene emoyeni.Ngoko ke, ukufumana indlela yokunciphisa i-volatilization ye-styrene, ukusuka kwingcambu, kusafuneka ukugqiba lo msebenzi kwisityalo sokuvelisa i-resin.Oku kufuna ukuphuhliswa kwe-styrene volatility ephantsi (LSE) resins ezingangcolisi okanye zingcolise kancinci umoya, okanye i-polyester resins engaxutywanga ngaphandle kwe-styrene monomers.

Ukunciphisa umxholo weemonomers eziguquguqukayo kuye kwaba sisihloko esiphuhliswe ngushishino lwangaphandle lwepolyester engasetyenziswanga kwiminyaka yamuva nje.Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo ngoku: (1) indlela yokongeza i-low volatility inhibitors;(2) ukwenziwa kweentlaka zepolyester ezingaxutywanga ngaphandle kwe-styrene monomers kusebenzisa i-divinyl, i-vinylmethylbenzene, i-α-methyl Styrene endaweni ye-vinyl monomers ene-styrene monomers;(3) Ukwenziwa kweereyini zepolyester ezingaxutywanga kunye ne-styrene monomers ephantsi kukusebenzisa iimonomers ezingentla kunye ne-styrene monomers kunye, njengokusebenzisa i-diallyl phthalate Ukusetyenziswa kwee-vinyl monomers ezibilisa kakhulu ezifana ne-esters kunye ne-acrylic copolymers ezine-styrene monomers: (4) Enye indlela yokunciphisa i-volatilization ye-styrene kukwazisa ezinye iiyunithi ezifana ne-dicyclopentadiene kunye ne-derivatives yayo kwi-polyester e-unsaturated Resin skeleton, ukufezekisa i-viscosity ephantsi, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukunciphisa umxholo we-styrene monomer.

Ekufuneni indlela yokusombulula ingxaki ye-styrene volatilization, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ngokubanzi ukufaneleka kwe-resin kwiindlela zokubumba ezikhoyo ezifana nokutshiza umphezulu, inkqubo ye-lamination, inkqubo yokubumba i-SMC, ixabiso lezinto eziphathekayo kwimveliso yemveliso, kunye ukuhambelana nenkqubo ye-resin., I-resin reactivity, i-viscosity, iipropathi zemishini ye-resin emva kokubunjwa, njl. Kwilizwe lam, akukho mthetho ocacileyo wokukhawulela ukuguquguquka kwe-styrene.Nangona kunjalo, ngokuphuculwa komgangatho wokuphila kwabantu kunye nokuphuculwa kokuqonda kwabantu impilo yabo kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo, yinto nje yexesha ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ofanelekileyo ufuneke kwilizwe labathengi elingaxutywanga njengathi.

5.I-resin enganyangekiyo kwi-Corrosion

Olunye lweendlela ezinkulu zokusetyenziswa kweereyini ze-polyester ezingaxutywanga kukunganyangeki kwazo kwiikhemikhali ezifana nezinyibilikisi, iiasidi, iziseko kunye neetyuwa.Ngokokwaziswa kweengcali zothungelwano lwe-resin engaxutywanga, iintlaka zangoku ezikwaziyo ukutyiwa zihlulwe zibe zezi ndidi zilandelayo: (1) uhlobo lwe-o-benzene;(2) uhlobo lwe-iso-benzene;(3) uhlobo lwe-p-benzene;(4) uhlobo lwebisphenol A;(5) Uhlobo lweVinyl ester;kunye nezinye ezifana nohlobo lwexylene, uhlobo lwekhompawundi enehalogen, njl.njl. Emva kwamashumi eminyaka yophononongo oluqhubekayo zizizukulwana ezininzi zezazinzulu, ukubola kwentlaka kunye nendlela yokumelana nokubola kuye kwaphononongwa ngokucokisekileyo.I-resin iguqulwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokwazisa i-skeleton ye-molecular enzima ukuxhathisa ukubola kwi-polyester engaxutywanga, okanye ukusebenzisa i-polyester engaxutywanga, i-vinyl ester kunye ne-isocyanate ukwenza i-interpenetrating network structure, ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphuculeni ukuxhathisa ukubola. ye-resin.Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion kuyasebenza kakhulu, kwaye i-resin eveliswa yindlela yokuxuba i-asidi ye-asidi nayo inokufezekisa ukuxhathisa okungcono kwe-corrosion.

Xa kuthelekiswa neiintlazi epoxy,iindleko eziphantsi kunye nokucutshungulwa lula kweereyini zepolyester ezingaxutywanga zibe luncedo olukhulu.Ngokweengcali zenetha ye-resin engafakwanga, ukuxhathisa kokutya kwe-polyester engaxutywanga, ngakumbi ukuxhathisa kwe-alkali, kungaphantsi kakhulu kunoko kwe-epoxy resin.Ayinakuthatha indawo ye-epoxy resin.Okwangoku, ukunyuka kwemigangatho ye-anti-corrosion kuye kwadala amathuba kunye nemingeni yee-polyester resins ezingaxutywanga.Ngoko ke, ukuphuhliswa kwee-resin ezikhethekileyo zokulwa ne-corrosion kunamathuba abanzi.

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6.Gel idyasi resin

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Ingubo yeGel idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizinto ezidibeneyo.Ayidlali kuphela indima yokuhlobisa kumphezulu weemveliso ze-FRP, kodwa iphinda idlale indima yokumelana nokunxiba, ukuchasana nokuguga kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola kweekhemikhali.Ngokweengcali ezivela kwinethiwekhi ye-resin engafakwanga, isikhokelo sophuhliso lwe-gel coat resin kukuphuhlisa i-gel coat resin ene-styrene volatilization ephantsi, ukomiswa komoya olungileyo kunye nokumelana nokugqwala okuqinileyo.Kukho imarike enkulu yeedyasi zejeli ezinganyangekiyo kubushushu kwiireyini zengubo yejeli.Ukuba izinto ze-FRP zintywiliselwa emanzini ashushu ixesha elide, i-blisters iya kubonakala phezu komhlaba.Ngelo xesha, ngenxa yokungena kwamanzi ngokuthe ngcembe kwizinto ezidibeneyo, ama-blisters angaphezulu aya kwanda ngokuthe ngcembe.I-blisters ayiyi kuchaphazela kuphela Ukubonakala kwengubo ye-gel kuya kunciphisa ngokuthe ngcembe iipropati zamandla zemveliso.

I-Cook Composites kunye ne-Polymers Co. yaseKansas, eU.SA, isebenzisa iindlela ze-epoxy kunye ne-glycidyl ether-terinated ukwenza i-gel coat resin kunye ne-viscosity ephantsi kunye namanzi agqwesileyo kunye nokuxhathisa i-solvent.Ukongeza, inkampani isebenzisa i-polyether polyol-modified and epoxy-terinated resin A (flexible resin) kunye ne-dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)-modified resin B (rigid resin) ikhompawundi, zombini ezo Emva kokudibanisa, i-resin enokumelana kwamanzi ayikwazi kuphela ukuxhathisa okulungileyo kwamanzi, kodwa kwakhona ube nokuqina okulungileyo kunye namandla.Izinyibilikisi okanye ezinye izinto eziphantsi kweemolekyuli zingena kwinkqubo yemathiriyeli ye-FRP ngokusebenzisa umaleko wengubo yejeli, ibe yiresin enganyangekiyo ngamanzi eneempawu ezigqibeleleyo ezibanzi.

7.Ukukhanya okuphilisa i-polyester resin engaxutywanga

Iimpawu zokuphilisa ukukhanya kwe-polyester resin engaxutywanga bubomi obude bembiza kunye nesantya sokunyanga ngokukhawuleza.Iinreyi zepolyester ezingaxutywanga zingahlangabezana neemfuno zokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwe-styrene ngokunyanga ukukhanya.Ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili kweefotosensitizers kunye nezixhobo zokukhanyisa, isiseko sokuphuhliswa kwee-resins ezikwazi ukufotokopa sele sibekiwe.Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlaka zepolyester ezinganyangekiyo eUV ziye zaphuhliswa ngempumelelo kwaye zafakwa kwimveliso ngobuninzi obukhulu.Iimpawu zezinto eziphathekayo, ukusebenza kwenkqubo kunye nokuchasana kokugqoka okuphezulu kuphuculwe, kwaye ukuveliswa kwemveliso kuphuculwe kwakhona ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo.

I-8.I-resin yexabiso eliphantsi kunye neempawu ezizodwa

Ezo ntlambo ziquka iintlaka ezinogwebu kunye nentlaka enamanzi.Okwangoku, ukunqongophala kwamandla okhuni kunomgangatho ophezulu kuluhlu.Kukwanqongophele abasebenzi abanezakhono abasebenza kwishishini lokulungisa iinkuni, kwaye aba basebenzi baya behlawulwa ngokunyukayo.Iimeko ezinjalo zidala iimeko zeeplastiki zobunjineli ukuba zingene kwimarike yokhuni.Iintlafu ezinogwebu ezingaxutywanga kunye neentyantyambo ezinamanzi ziya kuphuhliswa njengemithi yokwenziwa kwishishini lefenitshala ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi kunye nezakhiwo zamandla aphezulu.Isicelo siya kucotha ekuqaleni, kwaye emva koko ngokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kweteknoloji yokucubungula, esi sicelo siya kuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza.

Iintlaka zepolyester ezingaxutywanga zinokuthi zibe negwebu ukwenza iintlaka ezinogwebu ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe njengeepaneli zodonga, izahluli zegumbi lokuhlambela ezenziwe ngaphambili, kunye nokunye.Ukuqina kunye namandla eplastiki enegwebu kunye ne-polyester resin engaxutywanga njenge-matrix ingcono kune-PS enogwebu;kulula ukusetyenzwa kunePVC enogwebu;ixabiso liphantsi kunelo leplastiki ye-polyurethane enegwebu, kwaye ukongezwa kwe-flame retardants kunokukwenza ukuba i-flame retardant kunye ne-anti-aging.Nangona iteknoloji yesicelo se-resin sele iphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-polyester resin ene-foamed unsaturated kwifenitshala ayizange inikwe ingqwalasela enkulu.Emva kophando, abanye abavelisi be-resin banomdla omkhulu ekuphuhliseni olu hlobo olutsha lwezinto.Eminye imiba ephambili (ukulusu, ubume bekhekheba lobusi, ubudlelwane bexesha le-gel-foaming, ulawulo lwegophe exothermic aluzange lusonjululwe ngokupheleleyo phambi kwemveliso yorhwebo. De kube impendulo ifunyenwe, le resin ingafakwa kuphela ngenxa yexabiso layo eliphantsi Kwishishini lefenitshala. ezi ngxaki zisonjululwe, le resin iya kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezifana ne-foam flame retardant materials kunokusebenzisa nje uqoqosho lwayo.

I-resins ye-polyester engaxutywanga ngamanzi anamanzi inokwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini: uhlobo olunyibilikayo lwamanzi kunye nohlobo lwe-emulsion.Kwangeminyaka yoo-1960 phesheya, bekukho amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kunye neengxelo zoncwadi kule ndawo.I-resin equkethe amanzi kukongeza amanzi njengesizaliso se-polyester engaxutywanga kwi-resin ngaphambi kwe-resin gel, kwaye umthamo wamanzi unokuba phezulu ukuya kuma-50%.I-resin enjalo ibizwa ngokuba yi-WEP resin.I-resin ineempawu zexabiso eliphantsi, ubunzima obulula emva kokunyanga, ukutshatyalaliswa okulungileyo komlilo kunye nokunciphisa okuphantsi.Uphuhliso kunye nophando lwe-resin enamanzi kwilizwe lam lwaqala ngo-1980, kwaye sele lide ixesha elide.Ngokwemigaqo yokusetyenziswa, isetyenziswe njenge-agent anchoring.I-aqueous unsaturated polyester resin luhlobo olutsha lwe-UPR.Itekhnoloji kwilabhoratri ikhula ngakumbi nangakumbi, kodwa kukho uphando oluncinci malunga nesicelo.Iingxaki ezifuna ukusonjululwa ngakumbi zizinzo lwe-emulsion, ezinye iingxaki kwinkqubo yokunyanga kunye nokubumba, kunye nengxaki yokuvunywa kwabathengi.Ngokubanzi, i-10,000-toni ye-polyester engaxutywanga intlaka inokuvelisa malunga neetoni ezingama-600 zamanzi amdaka minyaka le.Ukuba i-shrinkage eyenziwe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-polyester resin engasetyenziswanga isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-resin equkethe amanzi, iya kunciphisa iindleko ze-resin kunye nokusombulula ingxaki yokuvelisa ukukhuselwa kwendalo.

Sisebenza kwezi mveliso ze-resin zilandelayo: i-polyester resin engaxutywanga;i-vinyl resin;i-gel yengubo ye-resin;epoxy resin.

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