Kwihlabathi elikhulu leepolymers zokwenziwa, igama elithi "i-polyester" lifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo. Nangona kunjalo, ayisiyonto inye kodwa lusapho lweepolymers ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Kwiinjineli, abavelisi, abayili, kunye nabathandi be-DIY, ukuqonda umahluko osisiseko phakathii-polyester egcweleyokwayei-polyester engagcwaliyoKubalulekile. Oku akusiyo nje ikhemistri yezemfundo; ngumahluko phakathi kwebhotile yamanzi eqinileyo, umzimba wemoto yezemidlalo eqaqambileyo, ilaphu eliqaqambileyo, kunye nenqanawa eqinileyo.

Esi sikhokelo sibanzi siza kufumanisa ezi ntlobo zimbini zepolymer. Siza kujonga izakhiwo zazo zeekhemikhali, sihlolisise iimpawu zazo ezichazayo, size sicacise ukusetyenziswa kwazo okuqhelekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, uya kukwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwazo ngokuzithemba kwaye uqonde ukuba zeziphi izinto ezifanelekileyo kwiimfuno zakho ezithile.

Ngokujonga nje: Umahluko oPhambili

Umahluko omnye obalulekileyo usekwe kumqolo wazo weemolekyuli kunye nendlela ezinyangwa ngayo (ziqiniswe zibe yimo yokugqibela eqinileyo).

·I-Polyester engagcwaliyo (UPE): Ineebhondi eziphindwe kabini ezisabelayo (C=C) kumqolo wayo. Ngokwesiqhelo yi-resin engamanzi efuna i-monomer esabelayo (njenge-styrene) kunye ne-catalyst ukuze inyibilike ibe yiplastiki eqinileyo, edibeneyo, neyi-thermosetting.Iplastiki Eqinisiweyo Ye-Fiberglass (FRP).

·I-Polyester Egcweleyo: Ayinazo ezi zibopho zimbini ezisebenzayo; ikhonkco layo "ligcwele" iiathomu zehydrogen. Ngokwesiqhelo yi-thermoplastic eqinileyo ethambileyo xa ishushu kwaye iqine xa ipholile, ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kunye nokuguqulwa kwakhona. Cinga ngeebhotile ze-PET okanyeimicu yepolyesteryempahla.

Ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwezi bhondi zimbini zekhabhoni kulawula yonke into ukusuka kwiindlela zokucubungula ukuya kwiipropati zokugqibela zezinto.

Ukuntywila nzulu kwiPolyester engagcwaliyo (UPE)

Iipolyester ezingagcwaliyoziindlela ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini le-thermosetting composite. Zenziwa nge-polycondensation reaction phakathi kwee-diacids (okanye ii-anhydride zazo) kunye nee-diols. Ingongoma kukuba inxalenye yee-diacids ezisetyenzisiweyo azina-saturated, njenge-maleic anhydride okanye i-fumaric acid, ezizisa ii-carbon-carbon double bonds ezibalulekileyo kwi-polymer chain.

Iimpawu eziphambili ze-UPE:

·Ukubeka i-thermosetting:Nje ukuba zilungiswe ngokudibanisa, ziba yinethiwekhi ye-3D enganyibilikiyo nenganyibilikiyo. Azinakunyibilikiswa okanye ziphinde zibunjwe; ukufudumala kubangela ukubola, kunganyibiliki.

·Inkqubo yokunyanga:Ifuna izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo:

1. I-Reactive Monomer: I-Styrene yeyona ixhaphakileyo. Le monomer isebenza njengesinyibilikisi ukunciphisa i-viscosity ye-resin, kwaye, ngokubalulekileyo, idibanisa ii-cross-links kunye nee-double bonds kwi-polyester chains ngexesha lokulungiswa.
2. I-Catalyst/Initiator: Ngokwesiqhelo yi-organic peroxide (umz., i-MEKP – i-Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide). Le khompawundi iyabola ukuze ivelise ii-free radicals eziqala i-cross-linking reaction.

·Ukuqinisa:Iiresini ze-UPE azisetyenziswa rhoqo zodwa. Phantse zihlala ziqiniswa ngezinto ezifanai-fiberglass, ifayibha yekhabhoni, okanye izizalisi zeeminerali ukwenza izinto ezidityanisiweyo ezinomlinganiselo obalaseleyo wamandla nobunzima.

·Iipropati:Amandla agqwesileyo oomatshini, ukumelana kakuhle kweekhemikhali kunye nemozulu (ingakumbi kunye nezongezo), uzinzo oluhle lobukhulu, kunye nokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu emva konyango. Zingalungiselelwa iimfuno ezithile ezifana nokuguquguquka, ukulibaziseka komlilo, okanye ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu.

Izicelo eziqhelekileyo ze-UPE:

·Ishishini leeLwandle:Iinqanawa, iidekhi, kunye nezinye izinto.

·Ezothutho:Iiphaneli zomzimba weemoto, iikhabhathi zelori, kunye neenxalenye zeRV.

·Ulwakhiwo:Iiphaneli zezakhiwo, amashiti okuphahla, izinto zokuhlamba (iibhafu, iindawo zokuhlamba), kunye neetanki zamanzi.

·Iipayipi neeTanki:Kwizityalo zokucubungula iikhemikhali ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala.

·Impahla zomthengi:

·Ilitye Lokwenziwa:Iikhawuntara ze-quartz ezenziwe ngobunjineli.

Gxila nzulu kwiPolyester Egcweleyo

Iipolyester ezigcweleyoZenziwe nge-polycondensation reaction phakathi kwe-saturated diacids (umz., i-terephthalic acid okanye i-adipic acid) kunye ne-saturated diols (umz., i-ethylene glycol). Ngaphandle kwezibopho ezimbini kumqolo, iitsheyini zithe tyaba kwaye azikwazi ukuqhagamshelana ngendlela efanayo.

Iimpawu eziphambili zePolyester Egcweleyo:

·I-thermoplastic:ZiyathambaKanyeifudunyezwe ize iqine xa ipholile.Le nkqubo iyakwazi ukutshintshwa kwaye ivumela ukucutshungulwa okulula njengokubumba kunye nokukhupha i-injection, kwaye ivumela ukurisayikilisha.

·Akukho mfuneko yonyango lwangaphandle:Azidingi catalyst okanye i-reactive monomer ukuze ziqine. Ziqina ngokuphola xa zinyibilikile.

·Iintlobo:Olu didi luquka iiplastiki ezininzi zobunjineli ezaziwayo:

I-PET (iPolyethylene Terephthalate): Ingaphambiliezixhaphake kakhuluuhlobo, esetyenziselwa iifayibha kunye nokupakishwa.

I-PBT (iPolybutylene Terephthalate): Iplastiki yobunjineli eqinileyo neqinileyo.

I-PC (iPolycarbonate): Idla ngokudityaniswa neepolyester ngenxa yeempawu ezifanayo, nangona ikhemistri yayo yahlukile kancinci (yipolyester ye-carbonic acid).

·Iipropati:Amandla alungileyo oomatshini, ukuqina okugqwesileyo kunye nokumelana nempembelelo, ukumelana kakuhle kweekhemikhali, kunye nokuqhubekeka kakuhle kokucutshungulwa.Kwakhona baqhelene neempawu zabo zokukhusela umbane ezikrelekrele.

Ukusetyenziswa Okuqhelekileyo KwePolyester Egcweleyo:

·Iimpahla zelaphu:Isicelo esinye esikhulu kunazo zonke.Ifayibha yePolyesteriimpahla, iikhaphethi, kunye namalaphu.

·Ukupakisha:I-PET yinto yokwenza iibhotile zeziselo ezibandayo, izikhongozeli zokutya, kunye neefilimu zokupakisha.

·Ezombane neze-elektroniki:Izihlanganisi, iiswitshi, kunye nee-housings ngenxa yobushushu obuhle kunye nokumelana nobushushu (umz., i-PBT).

·Iimoto:Izinto ezifana neziphatho zomnyango, iibhampa, kunye neendawo zokugcina izibane zentloko.

·Impahla zomthengi:

Izixhobo zonyango:Iindidi ezithile zokupakisha kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo.

Itheyibhile yokuthelekisa intloko nentloko

Kutheni Umahluko Ubalulekile Kumashishini Nabathengi

Ukukhetha uhlobo olungalunganga lwe-polyester kunokukhokelela ekuweni kwemveliso, ukunyuka kweendleko, kunye nemiba yokhuseleko.

·KwiNjineli yoYilo:Ukuba ufuna inxalenye enkulu, eqinileyo, ekhaphukhaphu, nengatshisi ubushushu efana ne-boat hull, kufuneka ukhethe i-thermosetting UPE composite. Amandla ayo okufakwa ngesandla kwi-mold kwaye inyangwe kubushushu begumbi yinzuzo ephambili kwizinto ezinkulu. Ukuba ufuna izigidi zezinto ezifanayo, ezichanekileyo, neziphinda zisetyenziswe njengezihlanganisi zombane, i-thermoplastic efana ne-PBT lukhetho olucacileyo lwe-injection molding ephezulu.

·KuMphathi woZinzo:Ukukwazi ukuphinda kusetyenzisweiipolyester ezigcweleyo(ingakumbi iPET) yeyona nzuzo inkulu. Iibhotile zePET zinokuqokelelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ziphinde zisetyenziswe kwiibhotile okanye kwiifayibha ezintsha (rPET). I-UPE, njenge-thermoset, iyaziwa ngokuba nzima ukuyiphinda isetyenziswe. Iimveliso ze-UPE zokuphela kobomi zihlala ziphelela kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma okanye kufuneka zitshiswe, nangona iindlela zokugaya ngoomatshini (zokusetyenziswa njengesizalisi) kunye neendlela zokuphinda zisetyenziswe ngamakhemikhali ziyavela.

·Kumthengi:Xa uthenga ihempe yepolyester, udibana nomntui-polyester egcweleyoXa ungena kwiyunithi yeshawa yefiberglass, uchukumisa imveliso eyenziwei-polyester engagcwaliyoUkuqonda lo mahluko kuchaza isizathu sokuba ibhotile yakho yamanzi inokunyibilikiswa ize isetyenziswe, ngelixa i-kayak yakho ingenakukwazi.

Ikamva leePolyester: Ubuchule kunye nozinzo

Uphuhliso lwazo zombini ezigcweleyo kunyeiipolyester ezingagcwaliyoiqhubeka ngesantya esiphezulu.

·IiFeedstocks ezisekelwe kwiBio:Uphando lugxile ekudaleni i-UPE kunye ne-polyester ezigcweleyo ezivela kwizixhobo ezivuselelekayo ezifana ne-glycols kunye nee-asidi ezisekelwe kwizityalo ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwi-fossil fuels.

·Iiteknoloji zokurisayikilisha:Kwi-UPE, kuzanywa kakhulu ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokuphinda kusetyenziswe iikhemikhali ukuze kwahlulwe iipolymers ezidityanisiweyo zibe ziimonomers ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe. Kwipolyester ezigcweleyo, ukuqhubela phambili ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kweekhemikhali kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nomgangatho womxholo ophinda usetyenziswe.

·IiComposites eziPhambili:Iifomyula ze-UPE zihlala ziphuculwa ukuze zikwazi ukuthintela umlilo ngcono, ukumelana ne-UV, kunye neempawu zoomatshini ukuze zihlangabezane nemigangatho engqongqo yoshishino.

·Iithermoplastics ezisebenza kakuhle:Iindidi ezintsha zeepolyester ezigcweleyo kunye nee-co-polyesters ziyaphuhliswa ngokumelana nobushushu okuphuculweyo, ukucaca, kunye neempawu zokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kokupakisha kunye nobunjineli obuphambili.

Isiphelo: Iintsapho Ezimbini, Igama Elinye

Nangona zinegama elifanayo, iipolyester ezigcweleyo nezingenazintsholongwane ziintsapho ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphathekayo ezikhonza ihlabathi ezahlukeneyo.I-polyester engagcwaliyo (i-UPE)yintshatsheli ye-thermosetting yezinto ezinamandla aphezulu, ezimelana nokugqwala, ezenza umqolo wemizi-mveliso ukusuka kwi-marine ukuya kwi-construction. I-polyester egcwalisiweyo yinkosi ye-thermoplastic eguquguqukayo yokupakisha kunye neempahla, exatyiswa ngokuqina kwayo, ukucaca kwayo, kunye nokuphinde isetyenziswe.

Umahluko uxhomekeke kwimpawu elula yeekhemikhali—i-carbon double bond—kodwa iziphumo zokwenziwa, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokuphela kobomi zinzulu. Ngokuqonda lo mahluko ubalulekileyo, abavelisi banokwenza ukhetho olukrelekrele lwezinto eziphathekayo, kwaye abathengi banokuqonda ngcono ihlabathi elintsonkothileyo lee-polymers ezibumba ubomi bethu banamhlanje.

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