Kwihlabathi elikhulu leepolymers zokwenziwa, igama elithi "polyester" liyinto yonke. Nangona kunjalo, ayisiyonto enye kodwa yintsapho yeepolymers ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Iinjineli, abavelisi, abayili, kunye nabathandi be-DIY, ukuqonda ulwahlulo olusisiseko phakathiipolyester egcweleyokwayeipolyester engasetyenziswangaibalulekile. Le asiyokhemistri yezemfundo kuphela; ngumahluko phakathi kwebhotile yamanzi eyomeleleyo, umzimba wemoto yezemidlalo ethambileyo, ilaphu elidlamkileyo, kunye nenqanawa eyomeleleyo yephenyane.

Esi sikhokelo sibanzi siya kuphelisa ezi ntlobo zimbini zepolymer. Siza kugocagoca kubume bekhemikhali babo, siphonononge iipropathi ezizichazayo, kwaye sikhanyise ezona zicelo ziqhelekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, uya kukwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwabo ngokuzithemba kwaye uqonde ukuba yeyiphi imathiriyeli efanelekileyo kwiimfuno zakho ezithile.

Ukujonga nje: Umahluko ongundoqo

Owona mahluko ubalulekileyo ulele kumqolo wabo wemolekyuli kunye nendlela ezinyangwa ngayo (ziqiniswe zibe yimo yokugqibela eqinileyo).

·Ipolyester engafakwanga (UPE): Ifaka iibhondi ezimbini ezisebenzayo (C = C) kumqolo wayo. Idla ngokuba yiresin elulwelo efuna imonomer esebenzayo (efana ne-styrene) kunye ne-catalyst yokunyanga ibe yiplastiki eqinileyo, edityanisiweyo, ene-thermosetting. CingaIPlastiki eQiniswa neFiberglass (FRP).

·IPolyester egcweleyo: Ayinazo ezi bhondi ziphindwe kabini ezisebenzayo; ikhonkco layo "lihluthi" ngeeathom zehydrogen. Ngokuqhelekileyo yi-thermoplastic eyomeleleyo ethambileyo xa ishushu kwaye iqina xa ipholile, ivumela ukuphinda isetyenziswe kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona. Cinga iibhotile zePET okanyeiintambo zepolyestereyempahla.

Ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwezi bhondi zekhabhoni ziphindwe kabini kuyalela yonke into ukusuka kwiindlela zokulungisa ukuya kwiipropathi zezinto eziphathekayo.

Ukuntywila nzulu kwiPolyester engafakwanga (UPE)

Iipolyester ezingafakwangangamahashe okusebenzela kushishino oluhlanganisiweyo lwe-thermosetting. Zenziwa nge-polycondensation reaction phakathi kwe-diacids (okanye i-anhydrides yazo) kunye ne-diols. Isitshixo kukuba inxalenye ye-diacids esetyenzisiweyo ayinayo i-unsaturated, njenge-maleic anhydride okanye i-fumaric acid, ekwazisa i-carbon-carbon-double bonds kwi-polymer chain.

Iimpawu eziphambili ze-UPE:

·Thermosetting:Nje ukuba zinyangelwe ngokudityaniswa kwe-cross-link, ziba yi-AN infusible ne-insolble 3D network. azinakunyibilikiswa okanye zibunjwe ngokutsha; ukufudumeza kubangela ukubola, kungekhona ukunyibilika.

· Inkqubo yokuphilisa:Ifuna amacandelo amabini abalulekileyo:

1. I-Monomer esebenzayo: I-styrene ixhaphake kakhulu. Le monoma isebenza njenge-solvent yokunciphisa i-viscosity ye-resin kwaye, ngokugqithiseleyo, i-cross-links kunye neebhondi eziphindwe kabini kwiintambo ze-polyester ngexesha lokunyanga.
2. I-Catalyst/Initiator: Ngokuqhelekileyo i-peroxide ye-organic (umzekelo, i-MEKP - i-Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide). Le khompawundi ibola ukuze ivelise i-radicals yamahhala eqala ukusabela kwe-cross-linking.

·Uqinisekiso:Iireyini ze-UPE azifane zisetyenziswe zodwa. Bahlala beqiniswa ngezixhobo ezifanai-fiberglass, carbon fiber, okanye ii-mineral fillers ukwenza ii-composites ezinomlinganiselo okhethekileyo wamandla-to-weight.

· Iinkcazelo ngeempawu:Amandla agqwesileyo omatshini, ukuchasana kweekhemikhali ezilungileyo kunye nemozulu (ngokukodwa kunye nezongezo), ukuzinza okuhle komgangatho, kunye nokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu emva kokunyanga. Zisenokwenziwa ngokweemfuno ezithile ezifana nokuba bhetyebhetye, ukunqanda umlilo, okanye ukuxhathisa umhlwa okuphezulu.

Usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo lwe-UPE:

·Ushishino lwaseLwandle:Iinqanawa zenqanawa, iidekhi kunye nezinye izinto.

·Ezothutho:Iiphaneli zomzimba wemoto, iikhabhi zelori, kunye namalungu eRV.

·Ulwakhiwo:Iipaneli zokwakha, amashiti okuphahla, izixhobo zococeko (iibhafu, iindawo zokuhlambela), kunye neetanki zamanzi.

·Imibhobho kunye neeTanki:Kwizityalo zokulungisa iikhemikhali ngenxa yokumelana nokubola.

·Impahla zomthengi:

·Ilitye elenziweyo:Iikhawuntari zequartz ezenziwe ngobunjineli.

Ukuntywila nzulu kwiPolyester egcweleyo

Iipolyester ezigcweleyozenziwe kwi-polycondensation reaction phakathi kwe-diacids egcweleyo (umzekelo, i-terephthalic acid okanye i-adipic acid) kunye ne-diols egcweleyo (umzekelo, i-ethylene glycol). Ngaphandle kwamabhondi aphindwe kabini kwi-backbone, amatyathanga anomgca kwaye akakwazi ukuwela ikhonkco enye kwenye ngendlela efanayo.

Iimpawu eziphambili zePolyester eGqithisiweyo:

·Thermoplastic:ZiyathambaKanyeshushu kwaye lukhuni xa upholisa.Le nkqubo iyabuyiselwa umva kwaye ivumela ukusetyenzwa lula njengokubumba inaliti kunye ne-extrusion, kwaye yenza kube lula ukurisayikilisha.

·Akukho Lunyango lwaNgaphandle lufunekayo:Abafuni i-catalyst okanye i-monomer esebenzayo ukuqinisa. Ziqina ngokulula ngokupholisa kwimo yokunyibilika.

·Iintlobo:Olu didi lubandakanya iiplastiki ezininzi ezaziwayo zobunjineli:

I-PET (i-Polyethylene Terephthalate): Ingaphambiliezixhaphake kakhuluububele, esetyenziselwa iifibers kunye nokupakishwa.

I-PBT (i-Polybutylene Terephthalate): Iplastiki yobunjineli eyomeleleyo, eqinile.

I-PC (i-Polycarbonate): Ihlala idityaniswa neepolyester ngenxa yeempawu ezifanayo, nangona i-chemistry yayo yahluke kancinane (yi-polyester ye-carbonic acid).

· Iinkcazelo ngeempawu:Amandla omatshini alungileyo, ukuqina okugqwesileyo kunye nokuchasana kwempembelelo, ukuxhathisa okuhle kweekhemikhali, kunye nokuqhubekeka okugqwesileyo.Ukongezelela baqhelekile kwiimpawu zakhe zokukhusela umbane ezinengqiqo.

Usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo lwePolyester eGqithiweyo:

· Imibhalo:Esona sicelo sikhulu.I-polyester fibereyempahla, iikhaphethi, namalaphu.

·Ukupakishwa:I-PET yimathiriyeli yeebhotile zesiselo esithambileyo, izitya zokutya, kunye neefilimu zokupakisha.

·EzoMbane kunye nezoMbane:Izihlanganisi, iiswitshi, kunye nezindlu ngenxa yokugquma okulungileyo kunye nokumelana nobushushu (umzekelo, i-PBT).

·IziThuthi:Amacandelo afana nezibambo zocango, iibhampa, kunye nezindlu zezibane.

·Impahla zomthengi:

·Izixhobo zonyango:Iintlobo ezithile zokupakisha kunye namacandelo.

Itheyibhile yokuthelekisa iNtloko ukuya kwiNtloko

Kutheni uMahluko ubalulekile kuShishino kunye nabaThengi

Ukukhetha uhlobo olungalunganga lwepolyester kunokukhokelela ekungaphumeleli kwemveliso, ukunyuka kweendleko, kunye nemiba yokhuseleko.

·NgeNjineli yoYilo:Ukuba ufuna indawo enkulu, eyomeleleyo, ekhaphukhaphu, kunye nokumelana nobushushu njengenqanawa yesikhephe, kuya kufuneka ukhethe i-UPE composite ye-thermosetting. Ikhono layo lokufakwa ngesandla kwi-mold kunye nokuphiliswa kwiqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo liyinzuzo ephambili kwizinto ezinkulu. Ukuba ufuna izigidi ezifanayo, ezichaneke kakhulu, izinto ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe njengeziqhagamshelo zombane, i-thermoplastic efana ne-PBT lukhetho olucacileyo lokubumba inaliti yomthamo ophezulu.

·KuMphathi woZinzo:Ukurisayiklishwa kwakhona kweiipolyesters ezigcweleyo(ingakumbi i-PET) yinzuzo enkulu. Iibhotile ze-PET zinokuqokelelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zisetyenziswe kwakhona kwiibhotile okanye iifiber ezintsha (rPET). I-UPE, njenge-thermoset, idume ngokuba nzima ukuyirisayikilisha. Iimveliso ze-UPE zokuphela kobomi zihlala ziphelela kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma okanye kufuneka zitshiswe, nangona ukugaya ngoomatshini (ukusetyenziswa njengezalisa) kunye neendlela zokuphinda zisetyenziswe iikhemikhali zivela.

·KuMthengi:Xa uthenga ihempe yepolyester, usebenzisana neipolyester egcweleyo. Xa ungena kwiyunithi yeshawari yefiberglass, ubamba imveliso eyenziwe ngayoipolyester engasetyenziswanga. Ukuqonda lo mahluko kuchaza ukuba kutheni ibhotile yakho yamanzi inokunyibilika kwaye isetyenziswe kwakhona, ngelixa i-kayak yakho ayikwazi.

Ikamva lePolyesters: Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kunye noZinzo

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kokubini okugcweleyo kunyeiipolyester ezingaxutywangaiqhubeka ngesantya esikhawulezayo.

·I-Bio-based Feedstocks:Uphando lujolise ekudaleni zombini i-UPE kunye ne-polyester egcweleyo ukusuka kwimithombo evuselelekayo efana ne-glycols esekwe kwisityalo kunye ne-acids ukunciphisa ukuthembela kumafutha efosili.

·Ubuchwephesha bokurisayikilisha:Kwi-UPE, inzame ebalulekileyo iya ekuphuhliseni iinkqubo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe iikhemikhali ukudiliza iipolymers ezidityanisiweyo zibe ziimonomers ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe. Kwiipolyester ezihluthisiweyo, ukuqhubela phambili kumatshini kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe iikhemikhali kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nomgangatho womxholo osetyenzisiweyo.

·Imidibaniso ekwinqanaba eliphezulu:Imixube ye-UPE ihlala iphuculwa ukuze ingabikho umlilo, ukuxhathisa kwe-UV, kunye neempawu zoomatshini ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yoshishino.

·I-High-Performance Thermoplastics:Amabakala amatsha eepolyester ezihluthisiweyo kunye ne-co-polyester ziyaphuhliswa ngokuxhathisa ubushushu, ukucaca, kunye neempawu zokuthintela ukupakishwa okuphezulu kunye nezicelo zobunjineli.

Isiphelo: Iintsapho ezimbini, igama elinye

Ngelixa babelana ngegama eliqhelekileyo, iipolyester ezigcweleyo kunye nezingafakwanga ziintsapho zezinto eziphathekayo ezikhonza amazwe ahlukeneyo.Ipolyester engafakwanga (UPE)yintshatsheli ye-thermosetting yamandla aphezulu, i-corrosion-resistant composites, eyenza umqolo wamashishini ukusuka elwandle ukuya kulwakhiwo. I-Polyester egcweleyo yinkosi eguquguqukayo ye-thermoplastic yokupakishwa kunye namalaphu, exabiswa ngenxa yokuqina kwayo, ukucaca, kunye nokusebenziseka kwakhona.

Umahluko ubilisa into elula yeekhemikhali-i-carbon double bond-kodwa iimpembelelo zokuvelisa, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokuphela kobomi zinzulu. Ngokuqonda lo mahluko ubalulekileyo, abavelisi banokwenza ukhetho olukrelekrele lwezixhobo, kwaye abathengi banokuqonda ngcono ilizwe elintsonkothileyo leepolima ezibumba ubomi bethu banamhlanje.

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